Introduction to Ethical Hacking Ethical hacking, often referred to as penetration testing or white-hat hacking, is the practice of intentionally probing computer systems, networks, and applications for vulnerabilities. Unlike malicious hackers who exploit these weaknesses for illegal gain, ethical hackers operate with authorization and a defined purpose — to strengthen security measures and protect sensitive information. This active defense is becoming increasingly crucial in today’s digital landscape, where cyber threats are rampant and evolving. The significance of ethical hacking cannot be overstated. Organizations worldwide face relentless attacks aimed at stealing data, compromising systems, and disrupting operations. Ethical hackers perform simulated …